American monopolies Essay Example for Free

American imposing business models Essay This short article by Douglas A. McIntyre illustrates what number of the American Technologies organizations are unadulterated imposing business models inside this industry. McIntyre opens this article by saying â€Å"A restraining infrastructure is either what the administration says it is or what a predominant company’s contenders guarantee. The Governments supposition is the one in particular that counts†¦. † (McIntyre, 2012). McIntyre then referenced that there was this Act restricts organizations from exercises that are seen as anticompetitive that is known as the 1890 Sherman Antitrust Act. Subsequent to seeing this, I was interested of what was the genuine importance behind this Act and after a couple of searches I found that as per Wikipedia, â€Å"The Sherman Antitrust Act is a milestone government rule on United States rivalry law passed by Congress in 1890. It restricts certain business exercises that central government controllers regard to be anticompetitive, and requires the government to explore and seek after trusts, organizations, and associations associated with being in infringement. It was the main bureaucratic resolution to confine cartels and imposing business models, today despite everything structures the reason for most antitrust case by the United States central government. † (Wikipedia 2013). In the wake of discovering that such Act is set up, I currently observe why there are not a lot of genuine imposing business models, implying that they own 100% of the market and how the legislature has a state in how organizations are ran. As I would see it, I sincerely feel that is an extremely useful law to have in the books since it gives a business person or another business a reasonable possibility at entering a picked advertise. In any case, then again, it’d just be shrewd to enter a market that you genuinely feel you get an opportunity to get by in, or you’d just be setting yourself up for disappointment. In any case, McIntyre proceeds to give a rundown called the â€Å"New Generation of American Monopolies† which is a rundown of all the greatest organizations in the innovation business that control the business sectors in their separate produce. Not shockingly of the numerous enormous names on this rundown, wherein most dwell in the Silicon Valley like Google, Microsoft, Facebook, Intel, Apple and even Paypal. A large portion of these are a greater amount of an Oligopoly, which means they share the market, aside from one that was of an astonishment to me which was Sirius XM satellite radio just for the way that this organization was the main genuine syndication and has 100% of the market. Perhaps it was on the grounds that I actually never considered Sirius having rivalry? Be that as it may, perhaps I didn’t think about this since they have completely zero rivalry. After somewhat more examination on wikipedia, I found that back in the mid 2000’s there was a little rivalry between two diverse satellite organizations, XM and Sirius, yet because of the cash that it takes to keep satellites in circle, the two understood that the main way they’d both endure was to blend, so in 2007 they did (Wikipedia). I genuinely discovered this article truly intriguing in light of the fact that it was bankrupt down into each product,(i. e. web index, activities framework, web based life locales, computerized video gushing, microchips, tablet PC and even tablets) and afterward clarified why every one of the top organizations where so prevailing. Some were there due to the sheer size of their organization and others made it since they improved a produce which made for a more appeal of that produce in which squeezed out the opposition. To simply give a couple of the models, Google controls 90. 1% of the web crawler advertise over Yahoo and Bing, Microsoft controls 89. 7% of the windows working frameworks over Mac OS X and Linux, Intel controls 80. 3% of the microchips advertise over AMD, and Apple iPad controls 73% of the market over Android and Samsung (McIntyre, 2012). All in all, with all the headways of innovations of today, every one of these organizations are decent and are at the highest point of their game since they are for the most part effective at what they do, exceptionally beneficial, value setters, incredible publicists, and have the ability to control the business sectors. Works Cited McIntyre, Douglas A. , (22 March 2011).The New Generation of American Monopolies. all day, every day Wallstreet. Recovered from http://247wallst. com/contributing/2011/03/22/the-new-age of-american-imposing business models/print/Wikipedia. (2 July 2013). In Wikipedia the free reference book on the web. Recovered from http://owl. english. purdue. edu/owl/asset/560/10/.

Ismg 3000 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Ismg 3000 - Essay Example On the other hand, Barton himself was employed as a component of the conviction that he could infuse some new blood and new point of view into the way that the association works. Because of the way that the equivalent tired strategies had been attempted again and again under Davies’ administration with practically zero effect, Barton was at last seen as a manner by which a clear record could be made and the association could push ahead from a new point without the stuff that Davies caused. This is because of the way that IT contacts such a large number of various parts of the firm in fairly indistinct manners. While the effect of another showcasing methodology can be consistently estimated, the impact of acquisition of new and increasingly productive IT frameworks and the incorporation of a more prominent degree of IT skill inside the field implies that the general cooperative energy that is made is something that is hard to limit to however a couple of insights and figures. Also, when one understands that the pace of use when contrasted with the pace of return, this also is tricky because of the way that the pace of quantifiable profit isn't promptly or quickly figured it out. At last, it does make a difference because of the way that when key elements of IT are expelled, the association itself would essentially come staggering to a stop. A case of this can be found in the manner that a firm would not, at this point have the option to help a key information bundle that is vital for operational viability. With such an essential and key part of the firm no longer activities, the methods by which business is led is fundamentally decreased; in this manner diminishing the upper hand of the firm and the all out effort and degree that it could want to speak to. With respect to my present firm, this can best be depicted as an IT circumstance that is key. Instead of offering a help work or simply supporting the association in building up an item, my firm is one that gives a hands

10 Best Study Snacks to Keep You Going

10 Best Study Snacks to Keep You Going The Best Study Snacks to Keep You Fueled and Focused The Best Study Snacks to Keep You Fueled and Focused Everyone loves taking a snack break. But what if we told you that snacking was actually good for your study habits? Study snacks are actually an important part of your productivity. Your body needs the fuel to keep your energy levels up and your brain going so you can crush your assignments and ace your tests. The perfect study snack should meet the following criteria: tastes delicious, contains the right nutrients, and doesn’t break your student budget. Luckily, we’ve compiled a list of some of our favourite choices. 1. Banana Peanut Butter Roll-ups This banana, peanut butter, and whole grain combination will boost your energy and give you the carbs you need to stay awake and focused. Bananas contain electrolytes and potassium, while peanut butter is packed with protein. Just take a whole wheat wrap, spread peanut butter, and place a banana in the middle. Roll it up around the banana, then slice it into bite sized pieces. 2. Greek Yogurt Parfait This is one of our favourite study snacks because it tastes more like dessert than it does a snack! Greek yogurt is full of protein, while blueberries are a superfood that power your body with antioxidants, and granola adds a touch of carbs to give you energy. Just pile these items together and you’ve got your snack. 3. Sriracha Popcorn Who doesn’t love popcorn? This spicy take on the classic movie snack is a lighter version that will rev up your senses and curb those munchies without packing on the calories. All you need to do is pop popcorn, melt butter, stir in sriracha, and you’ve got sriracha popcorn. 4. Hard Boiled Eggs Eggs contain mind-fueling Omega 3’s, as well as other nutrients that can keep your brain alert and focused. If you’re not big on hard boiled eggs, make them whatever way you like them. 5. Avocado Toast While this snack has gained a pretty hefty reputation with Millennials, avocado toast is actually packed with good-for-you nutrients. Paired with whole or multigrain toast, you’ve got a great study food. If you’re sick of the plain version, try some of these kicked-up versions or experiment with your own combinations. 6. Trail Mix This classic snack is so versatile, you can take it to class, outdoors, and even to the movies (but don’t show the usher). Most trail mixes consist of these base items: nuts and/or seeds, dried fruit, grains, and something sweet. What you choose to include is up to you. 7. String Cheese Choose a low-fat version of this childhood favourite, and you’ve got a great study snack that’s high in protein and calcium. This also provides you with a fun little break as you peel off the cheese like you did as a kid… for nostalgic reasons, obviously. 8. Granola Bars When in doubt, reach for a granola bar. This is a great go-to snack that provides you with protein, energy, and fiber. Just be careful to avoid the brands that contain a lot of sugar, as this will cause you to burn out very soon. 9. Veggies and Hummus This is an easy, inexpensive snack that you’ll never have to feel guilty about. Hummus provides enough protein and fiber to keep your energy levels up and kick that 3pm slump to the curb. You can also find hummus in a variety of flavours, so you’ll be able to find your perfect blend. 10. Roasted Chickpeas Speaking of chickpeas, these little protein powerhouses are also delicious when they are roasted. They fill you up and keep you going, no matter how late you stay up. Many stores sell their own variety of this snack, but it’s also super easy to make yourself. Here are 3 different recipes to get you started. Still Not Keeping up With Your Schoolwork? If you’ve hit your breaking point and can’t focus on your studies any longer, Homework Help Global provides services that can make a difference in your life. Our team of expert, academic writers provide custom essay services that will help you get ahead in your classes and take a load off your shoulders. References Baker, L. (n.d.) Spicy sriracha popcorn. Wayfair. Retrieved from SSAID=314743refid=SS314743creative=65867m=11035. Breene, S. (2014). 21 healthier trail mix recipes to make yourself. Greatist. Retrieved from 21-healthier-trail-mix-ideas. Durand, F. (2016). 11 easy ways to fancy up your avocado toast. Kitchn. Retrieved from 11-easy-ways-to-fancy-up-your-avocado-toast-219143. Food Network Kitchen. (2016). Roasted chickpeas 3 ways. The Food Network. Retrieved from . Szalay, J. (2017). Bananas: Health benefits, risks, nutrition facts. Live Science. Retrieved from . 10 Best Study Snacks to Keep You Going The Best Study Snacks to Keep You Fueled and Focused The Best Study Snacks to Keep You Fueled and Focused Everyone loves taking a snack break. But what if we told you that snacking was actually good for your study habits? Study snacks are actually an important part of your productivity. Your body needs the fuel to keep your energy levels up and your brain going so you can crush your assignments and ace your tests. The perfect study snack should meet the following criteria: tastes delicious, contains the right nutrients, and doesn’t break your student budget. Luckily, we’ve compiled a list of some of our favourite choices. 1. Banana Peanut Butter Roll-ups This banana, peanut butter, and whole grain combination will boost your energy and give you the carbs you need to stay awake and focused. Bananas contain electrolytes and potassium, while peanut butter is packed with protein. Just take a whole wheat wrap, spread peanut butter, and place a banana in the middle. Roll it up around the banana, then slice it into bite sized pieces. 2. Greek Yogurt Parfait This is one of our favourite study snacks because it tastes more like dessert than it does a snack! Greek yogurt is full of protein, while blueberries are a superfood that power your body with antioxidants, and granola adds a touch of carbs to give you energy. Just pile these items together and you’ve got your snack. 3. Sriracha Popcorn Who doesn’t love popcorn? This spicy take on the classic movie snack is a lighter version that will rev up your senses and curb those munchies without packing on the calories. All you need to do is pop popcorn, melt butter, stir in sriracha, and you’ve got sriracha popcorn. 4. Hard Boiled Eggs Eggs contain mind-fueling Omega 3’s, as well as other nutrients that can keep your brain alert and focused. If you’re not big on hard boiled eggs, make them whatever way you like them. 5. Avocado Toast While this snack has gained a pretty hefty reputation with Millennials, avocado toast is actually packed with good-for-you nutrients. Paired with whole or multigrain toast, you’ve got a great study food. If you’re sick of the plain version, try some of these kicked-up versions or experiment with your own combinations. 6. Trail Mix This classic snack is so versatile, you can take it to class, outdoors, and even to the movies (but don’t show the usher). Most trail mixes consist of these base items: nuts and/or seeds, dried fruit, grains, and something sweet. What you choose to include is up to you. 7. String Cheese Choose a low-fat version of this childhood favourite, and you’ve got a great study snack that’s high in protein and calcium. This also provides you with a fun little break as you peel off the cheese like you did as a kid… for nostalgic reasons, obviously. 8. Granola Bars When in doubt, reach for a granola bar. This is a great go-to snack that provides you with protein, energy, and fiber. Just be careful to avoid the brands that contain a lot of sugar, as this will cause you to burn out very soon. 9. Veggies and Hummus This is an easy, inexpensive snack that you’ll never have to feel guilty about. Hummus provides enough protein and fiber to keep your energy levels up and kick that 3pm slump to the curb. You can also find hummus in a variety of flavours, so you’ll be able to find your perfect blend. 10. Roasted Chickpeas Speaking of chickpeas, these little protein powerhouses are also delicious when they are roasted. They fill you up and keep you going, no matter how late you stay up. Many stores sell their own variety of this snack, but it’s also super easy to make yourself. Here are 3 different recipes to get you started. Still Not Keeping up With Your Schoolwork? If you’ve hit your breaking point and can’t focus on your studies any longer, Homework Help Global provides services that can make a difference in your life. Our team of expert, academic writers provide custom essay services that will help you get ahead in your classes and take a load off your shoulders. References Baker, L. (n.d.) Spicy sriracha popcorn. Wayfair. Retrieved from SSAID=314743refid=SS314743creative=65867m=11035. Breene, S. (2014). 21 healthier trail mix recipes to make yourself. Greatist. Retrieved from 21-healthier-trail-mix-ideas. Durand, F. (2016). 11 easy ways to fancy up your avocado toast. Kitchn. Retrieved from 11-easy-ways-to-fancy-up-your-avocado-toast-219143. Food Network Kitchen. (2016). Roasted chickpeas 3 ways. The Food Network. Retrieved from . Szalay, J. (2017). Bananas: Health benefits, risks, nutrition facts. Live Science. Retrieved from .

The Agenda Setting Function of the Mass Media - 1992 Words

Introduction In 1922, Walter Lippmann suggested the very first idea of agenda-setting in his book â€Å"Public Opinion†, and Bernard Cohen (1963) said â€Å"The media may not tell us what to think, but they are stunning successful in telling us what to think about†. Those concepts assumed that with the limited ability and innate curiosity of human beings, most people rely on media institutions to gain information outside family, neighborhood and workplace. Thus the media organizations have the priority to choose which information is quality enough to be the most important, which is not, and the information emphasized by the media could salience transfer to the public. To verify this concept, McCombs and Shaw conducted the first empirical research,†¦show more content†¦Each part mentioned above interweaving with each other comes into being the net of agenda-setting theory. This literature review will use three levels of agenda setting effects as entry point to discussion the core concept of agenda setting theory—the prominent transference from media agenda and public agenda. Five original published researches will be described and analyzed. Although many parts aforementioned can not be included in those five studies, with the long history and complicated net of agenda-setting theory, three levels of agenda setting could be an appropriate point cut, just as Guo, Vu and McCombs (2012) suggest:† agenda-setting has evolved from a focus on media effects on the public’s perception of the most important issues of the day to a theory elaborating a hierarchy of communication effects, its core is three levels of agenda-setting†. Considering of that, the following contents will include (1) the explanation of each level agenda-setting. (2) The effects and limitations of agenda-setting theory. (3) The important meaning of five selected res earches. The valuation of agenda-setting theory will also be discussed by analyzing those parts mentioned above. The first level of agenda-setting The first level of agenda-setting focus on the media agenda effects on the opinion of public agenda, whichShow MoreRelatedThe Concepts Of Agenda Setting And Framing1620 Words   |  7 PagesThe concepts of agenda setting and framing are widespread and prevalent within mass media and in everyday forms of life. McCombs and Shaw define agenda setting as â€Å"the idea that there is a strong correlation between the emphasis that mass media places on certain issues†¦ and the importance attributed to these issues by mass audiences.† (Scheufele 11) A related concept to agenda setting is framing, the idea that media can â€Å"select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communicatingRead MoreThe Agenda Setting Model Can Guide The Public Opinion And Mass Communication1464 Words   |  6 Pagesthe agenda setting. The agenda setting model can guide the public opinion and mass communication about some social or political issues. Different with media e ffects model, the media effects more like to telling people how to think, however, the agenda setting model is successful in telling people what to think about. In a general way, agenda setting theory was constructed in the environment of traditional mass media, and the purpose is to study traditional mass media. About the visual agenda settingRead MoreMass Media Influence On People s Ideas About Society936 Words   |  4 PagesJamilah Alfadhli ENG 110-01 November 13, 2015 Mass Media Influence in Shaping People’s Ideas about Society The most important goal for mass media is to make high revenues. To make this goal real and earn that money mass media maker or producer put effective working plans. These effective plans could be in all different kinds of any mass media. There are several effects of made mass media planning before it broadcasting a message to improve it economic. These effects are; effects of advertisingRead MoreAgenda Setting Theory And Social Media1317 Words   |  6 Pages2015 Agenda-Setting Theory and Social Media The agenda-setting theory states that the media influences what people choose to think about. The theory emerged from communication studies and focuses on mass media and setting the public agenda. In the seminal article, McCombs and Shaw (1972) found a high correlation between media agenda and the public agenda through content analysis of a local election. The theorists wanted to discover what types of people are most susceptible to the media agenda throughRead MoreThe Agenda Setting Theory Of The Mass Media1033 Words   |  5 Pages Theory Overview Agenda setting theory is the hypothesis done by Shaw and McCombs, stating that the mass media has the ability to transfer the importance of issues on their news agenda to the public agenda. This theory contrasted with the selective exposure hypothesis which held that people only attend to stories which confirm their world view. The theory had two attractive features, one it reaffirms the power of the press and second it maintains individual freedom. Also it is represented a backRead MoreThe Theory And Magic Bullet Theory767 Words   |  4 PagesTo begin with, throughout the semester in Mass Communication Theory and Research we’ve discussed various research theories; however, the two theories that interest me were the agenda setting theory and magic bullet theory. I choose these two theories specifically because they both focused on how the media is the core and how it can immensely affect audience’s perception and behavior towards the media. First, The Agenda Setting Function of the Mass Media, it was first put forth by Maxwell McCombsRead MoreAgenda Setting Theory Of The United States Government And Its 300 Million Inhabitants Essay1742 Words   |  7 Pageschannels, including politics, interpersonal communication, and the mass media.   How does a specific item gain or lose momentum in this discussion?   Agenda Setting Theory attempts to describe the forces dictating the perceived importance (salience) of specific issues, occurrences, or values by individuals (McCombs Shaw, 1972, p. 177; Shaw, McCombs, Weaver, and Hamm, 1999, pp. 2-4). Agenda Setting Theory describes how the mass media affect the public salience of issues, especially those of politicalRead MoreThe Trial Of Simpson : An Agenda Setting Analysis1508 Words   |  7 PagesSimpson: An Agenda-Setting Analysis Mariah Short University of Kentuckyâ€Æ' The Trial of O.J. Simpson: An Agenda-Setting Analysis During the infamous O.J. Simpson trial the television news media was ever present. Placing the trial as a top news story set in motion the idea that this trial was an important issue. However, the television news media was not successful at determining whether O.J. was guilty or not. For this reason, the O.J. Simpson trial is an excellent example of the Agenda Setting TheoryRead MoreSocial Media Has Changed The Landscape Of The Media Environment984 Words   |  4 Pages Social media has changed the landscape of the media environment, and the way millions go about obtaining their news. Technology has now made it possible to speak to a large amount of people at one time. With a proliferation of new technologies social media platforms are uniquely positioned to capitalize on the communication aspect of social media, which makes it exceptionally influential. Many of us are familiar with the term social media, have used social media, but could not readily defineRead MoreEffect And Relationship Between Agenda Setting And News Framing Essay1301 Words   |  6 Pages This study examined the effects and relationship between agenda setting and news framing having significate weight within newspaper articles on portraying Australian political issues. The media content analysis is based on findings from news articles within the Courier Mail over a period of four weeks using journalistic, communication and theoretical explanations. The main question is the effects and relationship between agenda setting and news framing within newspaper articles. The study seemed

The Future Tense With Will and Going to

The future in English can be rather confusing. There are two future forms used in most conversations: the future with will and the future with going to. The main difference between the two forms is that going to is used for plans and intentions made before the moment of speaking, and the will to speak about the future at the moment of speaking. Study these basic forms and then use the referenced resources to practice these forms. Teachers can print out these materials for use in-class, or find help with how to teach future forms, as well as the lesson plans suggested below. The Future With Will There are two basic future tenses used to describe things that happen in the future. Besides these two there are some other future tenses which can be started on the advanced future tenses page. The first future tense is the future with will. Use the future with will to talk about an event in the future that you have just decided to do, for predictions and for promises. Examples: I think Ill go to that party next week.The economy will get better soon.Yes, I will marry you. Future With Will Structure: Positive:  Subject will verb (I, You, He, She, We, They) will come to the party. Negative:  Subject will not (wont) verb (I, You, He, She, We, They) wont have time tomorrow. Questions:  Question word will subject verb What will (he, she, you, we) they do? The Future With Going To The future with going to is used to express events you have already planned in the future and your intentions for the future. We sometimes also use the present continuous for planned events in the near future. Examples: Shes going to attend university and study to become a doctor.Were going to make the presentation next week. Future With Going to Structure: Positive:  Subject to be going to verb I am going to attend the meeting.(He, She) is going to attend the meeting.(You, We, They) are going to attend the meeting. Negative:  Subject to be not going to verb Im not going to visit Rome next year.(He, She) isnt going to visit Rome next year.(You, We, They) arent going to visit Rome next year. Questions:  Ã‚  (Question word) to be subject going to verb Where am I going to stay?Where is (she, he) going to stay?Where are (you, we, they) going to stay? Additional Future Tense Resources Here is an in depth guide to  both the future with will and with going to.Take the  Future Forms Quiz for Advanced LearnersResource for ESL Teachers. This intermediate lesson focuses solely on the future with will and going to and  includes a step by step guide through the lesson and handouts to use in class. Activities With the Future With Will and Going to Some activities that will help you practice: Planning a Party - Dialogue concentrating on the future with will and going to.The Meeting - Dialogue with schedules, future plansThe Oregon Weather Forecast - Dialogue with the use of the future with will for predictions, weather vocabularyEnglish Tenses Timeline Chart - study how the future forms with will and going to relate to other tenses on a timeline.

Definition Paper- Beauty Is Not in the Eyes of the Beholder Free Essays

UC-110 31 October 2012 Beauty What does it mean to have beauty? What is beauty really? Questions like these can be explained through the definition of beauty. The problem is that beauty in today’s society has acquired multiple meanings. How many times has one heard the phrase, beauty is in the eyes of the beholder, or how about, beauty is on the inside? These happen to be common misconceptions. We will write a custom essay sample on Definition Paper- Beauty Is Not in the Eyes of the Beholder or any similar topic only for you Order Now The true definition of beauty is ironically hidden behind a mask of deception. Glancing through history brings to light the harsh reality of what beauty was and still is today. Individuals need to look beyond the common myth that beauty is merely subjective. Beauty is a perceptual quality that is a product of innate human design. Love it or hate it, from the moment you opened your eyes, beauty was already defined. Going back in time and reviewing the evolution of beauty demonstrates the definition, as well as disproving beauty is merely subjective. The Darwin theory of beauty is scientific evidence that there is a reason for universal aesthetic pleasure. Dennis Dutton, a scientist and philosopher states, â€Å"Beauty is an adaptive effect in which we extend and intensify in the creation of works of art and in the identification of human beings. † Dutton pronounced this statement after studying the universality of beauty across a wide range of topics. It is impossible that humans all perceive the same qualities as unique and aesthetically pleasing when we live in such diverse places. Sexual evolution plays an important role in defining beauty as a product of innate human design. The peacock for example contains beautiful feathers that in no way help with basic survival. However, the peahen is extremely attracted to the peacock because of its feathers, they are aesthetically pleasing. The peacock proves that mammals are born with qualities that bring about pleasure rather than survival. Humans are in this category with mammals. Humans contain symmetrically pleasing elements that have little to do with survival. These elements are what prove that beauty is innate. Beauty may have scientifically evolved into what individuals perceive it as today, but the aspect of science has been removed from the concept itself. Confidence is another concept that finds itself in the same position as beauty. Confidence, by society has been changed to be a quality in which anyone can radiate through their â€Å"swag. † In reality, just like beauty not everyone can radiate confidence. Christopher Cardoso reported, â€Å"Confidence and positive self-image is just a balance of hormones. Oxytocin is responsible for what a lot of us think is confidence around our peers. † Beauty is the same way, â€Å"It turns out standards of beauty are not only the same across individuals and cultures, they are also innate. We are born with the notion of who’s beautiful and who’s not† (Satoshi Kanazawa). In fact studies have shown that infants (who have had no environmental exposure) stare at the faces of adults that are considered beautiful by other adults longer than those who are not considered beautiful. An infant is incapable of developing perceptual knowledge based on its environment about what is aesthetically pleasing. Without determining the effects and causes of this definition, it would be unjust to define beauty as a perceptual quality that is a product of innate human design. Models starve to be perceived as beautiful, while others make a living on determining who will be considered aesthetically pleasing. The society in which we live in from Australia to the United States all puts beautiful people and items on a pedestal. Unfortunately, because beauty is not in the eyes of the beholder, people will search their whole lives to become roles in society that require beauty. Devoted to a lost cause, some will never be successful. Beauty has become an industry of manipulators that try to prove to those who were not born with the innate quality of beauty that synthetic things can get them there. In societies that can sometimes over look individuals’ feelings and emotions, a scientific definition of beauty might appear harsh. This explains why alternate definitions have shown prevalence, with beauty as a subjective concept. As it can be useful to define beauty in terms of the â€Å"beholder,† it is more important to recognize a definition that is scientifically proven. It is important that individuals can accept that beauty is in fact a perceptual quality, but one that is a product of innate human design. Works Cited Cardoso, Christopher. â€Å"Hormone Oxytocin Nasal Spray Makes People More Sociable and Confident. IsaA? de. N. p. , 5 Oct. 2012. Web. 27 Oct. 2012. http://www. isaude. net/en/noticia/23466/general/hormone-oxytocin-nasal-spray-makes-people-more-sociable-and-confident. Denis Dutton: A Darwinian Theory of Beauty. Perf. Denis Dutton and Andrew Park. TED Conferences, LLC, n. d. Seminar. TED: Ideas worth Spreading. Web. 24 Oct. 2012. http://www. ted. co m/talks/denis_dutton_a_darwinian_theory_of_beauty. html. â€Å"Psychology Today: Health, Help, Happiness Find a Therapist. † Psychology Today: Health, Help, Happiness Find a Therapist. N. p. , n. d. Web. 05 Nov. 2012. http://www. psychologytoday. com/. How to cite Definition Paper- Beauty Is Not in the Eyes of the Beholder, Essay examples

Managing And Coordinating The Hr Function an Organization Sample

Question: Discuss about the Managing And Coordinating The Hr Function. Answer: Introduction HRM functions: HRM functions help an organization manage its employees. It provides an organization a structure and help in satisfying the needs of the organization with the help of employees. Efficiency and management of workforce can be done with the help of HR department. Also, HR department deals with the recruitment, employee safety, employee relationships, compensation and benefits, and training and development of the employees. An efficient HRM manages the workforce so that the employee can contribute efficiently and effectively towards the organization. Qatar Airways: Qatar Airways are one of the youngest airlines. It was founded in 1993 and was re-launched in 1994 under the instructions of the Emir, his highness Sheikh Hamad Bin Khalifa Al Thani. It is partially owned by the government. It has around 39,000 employees and consists of 300 fleets. The organization is headquartered in Doha, Qatar. It flies to more than 150 destinations. The airline is growing every year and increasing its market share (Qatar Airways, 2016). Mission statement A mission statements gives the aim of the organization and communicates the organizations reason for its being. It also aims to serve its stakeholders. The benefit from the organization can be taken by customers, employees, investors and stakeholders. A mission statement in an organization includes the values that it gives to its customers. Also, it includes the future aspects of an organization and steps that are being taken for the improvement of the organization. It represents the improvement in the organization and also include the aim what it want to be in the future. Qatar Airways is been a well flourished airline and is making progress every year by increasing its profits. Due to its innovation in service providing and quality of services there is no declination in its sustainability (Kemp, 2012). The airways delivers an elite service to its audiences and meets up to their expectations. The customers get more that their expectations when they are served by the airlines. The co mpetitors of the airlines are also providing the similar services therefore to gain an advantage over them the Qatar airways have improved its services so that it can attract its target customers. Therefore Qatar airways is always trying to flourish in the future by applying innovation through their focused strategies. The five mission statements of the organization are as follows: Dedicate ourselves to provide safe services to the customers through our activities. Respect the culture and customs of every nation and contribute to economic and social development through corporate activities in the communities. Incorporating advanced technologies and innovation so as to provide elite services to the customers. Providing cleanliness, hygiene and comfort during the flight to all its customers. Contribute positively to our communities and our environment. These statements are future oriented as providing safer services to the customers is the main priority of the airline due to recent hijacks and crash reports. The organization should ensure that safety of the customers is very important for the organization. This mission statement is very useful in ensuring the customers regarding the safety issues. Sometimes the problem of culture and customs are there in the flights. As the flight travels in different nation so it must ensure that each culture should be respected and the organization will provide services accordingly to the customers during the flight. In future to become successful the organization should remain updated by improving its technologies in the fleets. By providing innovative services to the customers help the organization to attract customers towards the brand. Innovation in services is related to the entertainment during the flights. Providing the flights with satellite phones, internet services during the flight and screens showing some entertainment stuff during the flight are related to innovative technology. Comfort in the flights is very important. Customers who are travelling long distance needs a comfortable journey. Providing them with comfortable seats and services with hygiene should be the main issue of the airlines. The flights should be environment friendly and does not harm the environment. The HRM department should ensure the recruitment of the staff that will ensure that these missions should be accomplished by the organization (Sengupta Sengupta, 2014). Role of HRM department Recruitment: The mission statements of the company can be accomplished with the help of Human resource. Also an effective performance of an organization can be achieved by the help of human resource. As, HR department helps in attracting the diverse and competent applicant and utilizing their techniques in the work. The recruitment process in Qatar Airways is highly demanding. To maintain a cheerful and friendly environment in the Qatar airways, the applicants of each department have to meet a criteria related to the age, qualification and physical attributes. Group interviews and after that in depth interviews are conducted to evaluate the competencies of the applicant and whether he or she is suitable for the job (Mayhew, 2017). Reward, welfare and benefits: After the recruitment process it is the duty of the HR department to retain the talent in the organization. The rewards and other benefits like growth in professional front, appraisals, pay hike must be given to the employees so that the employee does not leave the company. The talent management should be done by the organization so that good employee does not leave the company as they are the real assets of the company. The employee helps in the achievement of the goals that are processed by the organization. Therefore, awards and benefits play an important role in the organization. Learning and Development: Learning and development is a key component for the success of the service firms. To meet the customers expectation and provide excellent services learning and development of the employee is necessary. Also, it helps in the growth of the organization as trained employees will provide better services to the customers and the organization will achieve customer satisfaction. The training is provided to the employees who provide services and also to the executive staff. These trainings help in learning and development of the employees. Training and development as a requirement for small business A small organization which is not having dedicated HR function department. For updating the knowledge and skills of the employees the training of the employees is necessary. It will help in polishing the skills of the employees and make the employee to compete in the corporate world. Also, from an employee point of view, training sessions are important for the growth of an individual. With the help of training sessions an employee sees its growth professionally, which helps in increasing the professional skills of the employees. The organization also provides training sessions so that talent in the organization can be retained. If the employee will not see ant growth in the organization, he or she will leave the job. So, training and development sessions are necessary for the growth of the organization as well as for the employee. Also, appraisals are important for the employees growth as it is a part of motivation to the employee. If an employee sees the financial growth in the company the work of the employee becomes effective and efficient. Efficient working of the employee helps the company to grow very fast (Scott, 2017). Due to the small organization having only 75 employees and no HR department it is difficult to provide training to each and every employee due to the lack of funds. But, the company manages to provide the training and development session to each employee every year. Also, it gives appraisals to the employees. Managers of the company are interested in improving the effectiveness of the company. HR department can help in increasing the effectiveness of the company. The main functions of HR departments are recruitment, training and development, employees safety, talent management and compensation and benefits. The recruitment diverse and competent employee help in the company to do effective work. The appropriate employee for the specific work helps in doing the work effectively and it will help in the growth of the company. Also, by providing training and learning sessions to the employees help in increasing the skills of the employee. With this the employees can work efficiently and w ill help the company to do innovative and effective work. Giving appraisals and pay hikes to the employees contribute in job satisfaction. An employee having job satisfaction can work efficiently. A dissatisfied employee cannot work efficiently and will leave the job. Therefore, to retain talent in the organization job satisfaction of the employee is necessary which can done by providing the employee with professional and financial growth. Therefore, by incorporating HR department, the work effectiveness of the employees can be enhanced. Incorporating HR department in the organization is a costly affair which is not possible for the company. Therefore, By outsourcing the work of HR department the effectiveness can be brought into the company. Outsourcing HR department Outsourcing of HR department in a business allows an organization to bring effectiveness in the work. The HR department in an organization sees the employees recruitment, training and development, payroll, maintain files and records. By outsourcing the HR department in the company can gain advantages in many aspects. It will help in cost saving, increasing efficiency and will help in employee development. Cost Saving A fully functional human resource department requires an experienced staff and space for the operation and which cannot be afforded by the organization. Therefore, outsourcing may help the business in the way having the HR department without creating the space for it. Also, the cost of other elements in the business can be reduced. As the company provides the training to the staff by using its funds. These funds can be utilized somewhere else by incorporating the HR department with the help of outsourcing. Also, cost of outsourcing are variable and can be reduced. By outsourcing the HR department the services will become cost effective (Business Legal Resources, 2017). Increase in Efficiency To maintain a productive and efficient workplace is difficult without the help of HR department. Outsourcing will help in creating effectiveness and efficiency with human resource systems. It will use an advanced technology to improve the HR work and provide the employees with best learning. Also, the main HR functions can be streamlined with the help of outsourcing. Payrolls and appraisals can be maintained with the help of the advanced technology. The managers in the company can focus on their own work rather than the HR work. Managers will get innovative methods and less time is required for doing the work as earlier by doing paper work. This will increase the efficiency of the work. More time will be given to the improvement of the efficiency and effectiveness (Gray, 2013). Employee Development With the help of outsourcing the employee performance and development can be managed. Incorporating performance management plans can help in improving the job performance. These plans help in employees complying with the company policies and help them in meeting the companys business objectives. Also, these performance plans help the employee to get the real status of the objectives of the company (Skolnick, 2016). This helps the employees to work in that particular direction to do the work efficiently. Also, the outsourcing firms monitors the employees performance time to time. It will help the organization to know regarding the shortcomings of the employees. Therefore, training and learning sessions can be provided according to the employees performance. This helps in reducing the workload from the managers and help them focus towards their work. Training and development sessions also help in the development of the employees. The employees work efficiency can be increased by provid ing the training sessions. As the HR department analyses the performance of each employee, it can help in providing the training in particular aspect where the employee lacks efficiency. This will make an employee effective and also help the organization to grow (Herner, 2011). Determination of Pay scales of the employees For attracting a talented and qualified staff in an organization employees payment must be decided appropriately as it affects the talent recruitment. Determining the proper pay scale affects the efficiency and productivity of an organization. Setting the pay scale appropriately with the scale not too much or not too low help in recruiting the appropriate candidate for the job. The pay scale of the employees can be determined on the following factors. Comparison of job descriptions with other job posting: By comparing similar positions with other job postings will help in ensuring the salary levels. The duties, skills and qualifications should be compared to determine the salary for the job (Silva, 2014). By assessing the scale from other companies: By the assessment the organization can realize that position require the this much amount of pay scale. Employers survey will help in getting the scale for the particular job position and for the particular qualification. These research groups help in determining the wages and information regarding the salary of the particular position. Assessment through Employers survey: This survey will help in analyzing the scale for the particular position in the organization. The survey will help the organization to analyze according to the level of the company. As, MNCs salary for a particular position is more than as compared to the local industry. Information from Public sector job databases: These databases will also help in analyzing the salary for the particular position. As the pay structure of public sectors are the competitive with the private sectors. This will help in determining the salary levels (PWC, 2016). Tracking the earlier wages, experience and credentials of the employees: By getting the earlier information regarding the term served by the employee in earlier company, and the salary taken by the employee can also help in determining the salary. Employees training and development opportunities can become a deciding factor for receiving of higher compensation. The experience also matters in the case of determining the salary of an employee. For example a manager with some experience and a manager with more experience should be given different salaries. Therefore, salaries are allotted to each individual based on the career track of the employee. Present Pay scale setting Scenario of the organization Presently the organization is using an informal approach for setting the scale of the employee. The negotiation of the salary is done when the candidate is offered the job. The managers decide the hike in the salary according to his or her way. This approach of setting the salary of an individual is not recommended for any organization. This type of negotiation can lead to the bad reputation of the organization and can pin point towards the ethical standards which are followed by the organization. Also, pay hikes done only by the managers, according to his views are not the ethical way of giving the hikes to the employees (Heskett, 2007). Appraisal and pay hike system in organization The pay hike system used by the organization is not ethically a right way to give benefits to the organization. The system is controlled by a manager only whose opinion is taken for the pay hikes. This system of hike can be biased. Therefore, by adopting this system, the employees cannot feel satisfied and talented employees will not choose the organization. The performance measurement of an employees can be done on taking into account various aspects. Also, various aspects can be analyzed taking into account the views of many person and feedback taken from the employees also. The KPI system can be used for the analysis of pay hikes in the company. Key Performance Indicator system Key performance indicator helps in regular checking of the employees performance. It helps in determining the field in which the employee is giving its maximum output. KPI in the system first analyses the goals and objectives of the company and then tune with the core practices linked to the business. After the analysis, it looks into the working of the employees. Also, it checks the dealing of employees with the clients. The employees are checked according to the work assigned to them. Each department can track its own KPI and it will help other departments also. By tracking and measuring each individual performance for a particular target, the comparison can be made (Mayhew, 2017). Therefore, comparisons will help in analyzing the real performer of the task. The organization can work on this system for giving pay hikes and appraisals to the employees. This system will let the examination of each employee and then the pay hikes can be given to the employee according to their perform ance score. This performance based system is not biased and is ethically correct. It will also bring in the satisfaction of the employee and can show out the scope of improvement in the employee. Therefore, for exact examination of the employee performance key performance indicators should be incorporated and older system of performance measurement should not be used. References Business Legal Resources, 2017. When and How to Outsource Training, Available at: https://trainingtoday.blr.com/article/when-and-how-to-outsourse-training/ Gray, N., 2013. 6 Top Reasons for Outsourcing Human Resources Functions, Available at: https://www.jobscience.com/blog/6-top-reasons-for-outsourcing-human-resources-functions/ Herner, M., 2011. What Small Companies Really Need from HR, Available at: https://www.payscale.com/compensation-today/2011/12/role-of-hr Heskett, J., 2007. How Should Pay Be Linked to Performance?, Available at: https://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/how-should-pay-be-linked-to-performance Kemp, S., 2012. Mission Statements of International Airlines: A Content Analysis, Available at: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/288b/570895cba36d0a2cb9980545032bec8c0a88.pdf Mayhew, 2017. How to Determine the Proper Pay Scale for Employees, Available at: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/determine-proper-pay-scale-employees-11259.html Mayhew, R., 2017. Six Main Functions of a Human Resource Department, Available at: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/six-main-functions-human-resource-department-60693.html PWC, 2016. Research into modern pay systems: Office of Manpower Economics, Available at: https://www.legco.gov.hk/general/english/library/stay_informed_overseas_policy_updates/modern_pay_systems.pdf Qatar Airways, 2016. Qatar Airways Group Sustainability Report 2015 -2016, Available at: https://www.qatarairways.com/iwov-resources/temp-docs/csr/sustainability-report.pdf Scott, S., 2017. The Advantages of Outsourcing HR Functions, Available at: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/advantages-outsourcing-hr-functions-21169.html Sengupta, N. Sengupta, M., 2014. Singapore Airlines: Gliding with People Excellence, Available at: https://sdmimd.ac.in/SDMRCMS/cases/CIM2014/10.pdf Silva, S., 2014. An introduction to performance and skill-based pay systems: International Labour Office, Available at: https://www.ilo.org/public/english/dialogue/actemp/downloads/publications/srspaysy.pdf Skolnick, A., 2016. Outsourcing HR: Big Savings for Small Businesses, Available at: https://www.inc.com/fiscal-times/human-resources-big-savings-for-small-business.html Answer:

Syrian Conflict Essays - Middle East, Politics Of Syria, Syria

Syrian Conflict Jessica Galati American Government Bergen Community College December 3, 2013 Abstract Currently the most urgent debate in foreign policy is the use of chemical weapons. The Syrian civil war has come into the spotlight of that debate due to the government's alleged use of chemical weaponry against its own citizens. After following this topic in newspaper articles, to understand the topic fluently, I have been able to form an understanding of the topic and form my own opinions This paper will focus on the following, the events that took place in Damascus and how the country was effected, the evidence of chemical weapon use by the Syrian President, Bashar al-Assad, and taking a detailed look at how the American government responded to the attacks and how they should continue to act in response these attacks. I will also inform you of my opinions of the actions and events within the paper. For years now the United States conflicts with the Middle East has been getting more severe and expanding. With what started as a conflict within the Iraqi government has now expanded to more countries with higher stakes. The United States has begun trying to remove themselves from more conflict, however the civil war in Syria is hard to ignore. After violating many agreements and regulations, the Syrian governments alleged chemical attacks on their citizens has spurred many countries ready to pick up arms. Much debate is taking place about military involvement as opposed to diplomatic talks and agreements. Syria is relying on their allies to save them from military strikes. The president of Syria, Hafez al-Assad, took the country after a series of coups, and held the country in an iron hold of human rights violating law. His successor, and son, Bashar al-Assad, promoted change for the country but did very little to change the course of the country. Protests of the regime, wishing to have the president's reign ended, began in March 2011. The protests and uprisings began as peaceful representations of resentment and rebellion, however the Syrian army was sent to control such actions as to avoid a revolt. The deployed troops "controlled" the unarmed protestors by open firing. Months of firing squads taking on protests followed. This sparked the development of a full scale civil war expanding in the two years following. The civilian public was outraged and began taking on the Syrian military as volunteers in the form of militias with little coordination. After the order of many government strikes against protests, many of the Syrian nation's military officers defected to the rebel group, beginning the Free Syrian Army, an umbrella group of the rebel military power, and went on to later represent and control the opposition's army. Their goal is to remove Bashar al-Assad from power. The rebel group's armies, lacking much needed unity, sought help from turkey, and the Syrian National Council was brought to creation. This is now recognized as a legitimate representative party of Syria by dozens of countries. Since the beginning of the civil war, over one hundred thousand have been killed, over two million Syrian refugees have fled to surrounding countries, and tens of thousands of protestors have been imprisoned and tortured. These attacks from both the government and opposition escalated immensely. While we can all say definitively that the Damascus chemical strike was the most deadly Hundreds of men, women, and children, some still in diapers, are found dead or injured across the streets and filling the hospitals. This attack grabbed the worlds attention and brought many to their feet, ready to take action. This was the first definitive chemical strike in which the UN could collect incriminating evidence. There were a number of chemical weapon strikes reported throughout the year besides the one occurring in Damascus. According to American reports there were around 10 chemical attacks since 2012 and the number of casualties from these alone has reached over fifteen hundred men, women, and children. The UN has been attempting to gain access to highly concentrated areas. After the Damascus attack and potential threats coming in across the globe the UN pressed immediate access to the area to test for chemical weapons. They were refused access until weeks later when almost all of the evidence would have cleared, raising red flags about the governments involvement. The regime released several claims that rebel armies had taken the gas and released it. However, UN investigators had found enough residue and taken enough victims for testing to

4 overrated recruiting concepts you need to ditch this year

4 overrated recruiting concepts you need to ditch this year Attention HR professionals: As 2018 continues to unfold, you’re undoubtedly focused on achieving your staffing and recruiting goals for the year, which likely means plenty of advanced planning and strategy sessions, all designed to help you and your company hit its predetermined targets.For successful companies, this is beyond important- it’s an absolutely essential business function. According to an article by Empxtrack, the recruitment and selection process is one of the most important of all HR functions and has a great impact on the revenue growth and profit margins of a company as compared to other tasks such as retention,  onboarding, leadership development, and managing talent.Effective recruiting requires careful planning- from the first steps to the last- under the watchful eye of a seasoned HR professional or team with business savvy, a deep knowledge of their company’s core needs, and an ability to plan for short-term and long-term growth and success .Strategic recruiting also requires a thorough understanding of what concepts don’t work or have become outdated to the point of irrelevance and belong in the HR recycling bin. The truth is, in today’s rapidly evolving professional landscape, concepts that may have once been proven sound may no longer hold up today. It’s the job of all HR professionals to stay on top of current trends, shifts, and forces that help shape the face of modern recruitment- or else they risk becoming outdated and irrelevant.That said, there is a prevailing conventional wisdom in the world of recruiting that helps determine which recruiting concepts should be embraced and which are overrated and should be left behind. LinkedIn recently published an article on recruiting concepts that should likely be reconsidered or shuttered for good. Use the following information to help you and your company strategize effectively.hbspt.cta.load(2785852, '9e52c197-5b5b-45e6-af34-d56403f973c5', {});1. Culture fit is critical.We’re all aware of the omnipresence of â€Å"culture fit† and its perceived value in companies across industries. In fact, some organizations rank perceived culture fit at the very top of their determination criteria when making key hiring decisions. But what are we really getting here? Is a company that prides itself on having employees who are an excellent cultural fit denying itself a level of healthy diversity that could really help move the needle? Think about it, do game changing ideas that truly disrupt the status quo always come from those who fit neatly into the corporate mold, or do they often come from those oddball outliers with enough creative and perceptual distance to really effect change?Savvy, forward-thinking HR professionals know better when they weigh the value of culture fit, and recognize potential talent who may not fit the traditional corporate mold but who could potentially offer their organizations something far more v aluable- a fresh new way of approaching their business.2. The reference check is essential.The traditional HR process of performing a reference check on potential candidates is as old (and as time-consuming) as it gets, and if we stop and really take a close look at it, we may realize that it’s likely not worth the effort. Why? Because what the process really involves is reaching out (often, many times before getting a response) to a carefully curated list of individuals who have undoubtedly been told to expect a call from you, and who will invariably provide a glowing review of the candidate in question and go on and on about how they’re absolutely the ideal candidate in every conceivable way.Admittedly, there may be some value in some instances to performing this time-tested HR ritual, but if you’re waiting for a candidate to provide a reference that will offer a completely honest, unbiased, and critical review of a candidate, don’t hold your breath bec ause it’s not likely to happen anytime soon. Does this sound to you like an effective way to really get to evaluate a potential new employee?3. Traditional interviews are everything.It’s almost inconceivable to imagine a hiring process- at any company or for any position- that does not include some aspect of what we commonly refer to as a traditional interview, in which a meeting (often several) takes place between a potential candidate and the hiring personnel of a company and an exchange of pleasantries, questions, answers, and conversation takes place as each side evaluates the other for consideration.However, you might be shocked to learn that the level of correlation between how a candidate fares on an interview and how they do on the job is shockingly low. According to LinkedIn’s article:â€Å"Candidate interviews have been the single most important tool for recruiters since forever, but that doesn’t mean they’re all that great.  Googleâ⠂¬â„¢s Laszlo Bock spilled the beans in 2013 that their analytics showed that interviews were totally useless: ‘We looked at tens of thousands of interviews, and everyone who had done the interviews and what they scored the candidate, and how that person ultimately performed in their job. We found zero relationship.’†4. Purpose does not replace perks.It’s true, the idea of working for a company with a brand identity, mission, and purpose that resonates with potential candidates can really be an attractive and compelling notion- and many HR professionals work hard to cultivate and maintain their organization’s culture and brand identity and communicate them to prospective employees- but it does not completely replace the tried and true employee perks that lie at the heart of an individual’s decision regarding whether or not to sign on the dotted line when a job offer is made.Sure, your organization’s volunteer efforts, charitable pursuit s, dedication to the environment and desire to make positive and lasting change in the world will be of interest to candidates, but if it isn’t matched by competitive salaries, benefits packages, and employee perks, then don’t be surprised if the individuals you’re hoping to bring on board decide to take their talents elsewhere.There you have it- some overrated recruiting concepts that may have worked well in the past but may no longer hold water as we move through 2018. If you’re using any of these as part your professional recruitment strategy, consider making a change.

Analyse or evaluate macroeconomic problem using appropriate macro Essay

Analyse or evaluate macroeconomic problem using appropriate macro economic theory. (no keynsian cross or IS-LM model) - Essay Example The results were evidenced in the forms of reduce activity in the stock market and collapse of financial institutions. This caused massive job losses and it had a direct impact on the price of goods. Prices of most commodities went up due to economic effects of cost in production and unavailability of capital which had an inflationary effect on the country’s economy (Buttet & Roy, 2014). Since the occurrence of the credit crunch, countries have been on different recovery paths that have been determined greatly by the policies and financial strategies laid by their leaderships. Since the main focus of this paper is to compare the different growths, the paper shall also look into how the DAD-DAS model has been applied and how it has or has not worked in both the best performing country and the worst performing country in the G7 group (Chiarella et al, 2013). The information available indicates Britain to be the best performing G7 country with a GDP growth rate of 2.6% compared to the United States of America whose GDP growth rate comes second at 2.4% per year. The economic performance in Britain has been attributed to improved consumer confidence, stabilisation of interest rates and reduced inflation rates in the country. Other G7 countries such as Germany, France, Canada, Japan and Italy have recorded low growth rates which have also been attributed to a slow growth in consumer confidence and high inflation rates (Ghosh & Ghosh, 2012). There exists several relationships that make up the DAD-DAS model and they are inflation, interest rates, demand shocks and supply shocks. These are based on the thinking that if there is an expectation of inflation then it will definitely occur. This means that if a population expects inflation to be at a certain level at a particular point in time, then inflation will possibly occur even without the causative effects from other factors. The second reasoning is that excess demand will most likely cause

1984 by George Orwell and Big Brother Research Paper

1984 by George Orwell and Big Brother - Research Paper Example Kellner writes, â€Å"The novel opens with evocations, frequently repeated that "BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU." Then it quickly plunges the reader into an oppressive environment where omnipresent television sets not only incessantly broadcast government propaganda but actually serve as instruments of surveillance.† The subtle aspect of Communism as perceived by George Orwell is doublespeak. The Michal Buchowski at el. writes, â€Å"Communist language was forcefully brought home to the West by George Orwell in Nineteen Eighty-Four, especially in his notion of â€Å"doublethink.†(p.555) What is the working style of Big Brother and his associates and superiors? Their implication is—‘we don’t say whatever we say or do is correct. But whatever correct is there in the world belongs to us! How George Orwell highlights the serious shortcomings of the hardcore communist regimes with his satirical style by taking potshots at their methods of suppression of fre ewill of the people, through the character of Big Brother in 1984? The name of the watchtower through which Big Brother and his associates function is ‘totalitarianism.’ Buchowski at el writes, â€Å"The very term totalitarianism suggests a political problem: a form of rule so total as to leave no aspect of life untouched: a form of rule that is not merely dictatorial, but holds people in its grip so thoroughly that they become its puppets.†(p.557)... But the style of functioning as portrayed by George Orwell in his book 1984 seems to have been adopted in communist countries and partially in the West. This is the issue of control of history (including the censorship on print and electronic media), surveillance and corruption of language. Those who are assigned duties in these areas seem to salute the Big Brother every day, before the commencing their duties and carry out his instructions implicitly, as for tapping phones, intercept mails, enter residences unauthorisedly etc. Language corruption is being used as an important political propaganda weapon and with full knowledge of their double meaning. The words like socialist, war criminal, racist, democratic are used, as if Satan quotes the Bible. The hero of the book, Winston Smith, employed in the Ministry of truth is engrossed in rewriting and falsifying history, as per the demands of the present regime. Big Brother has a tremendous responsibility, to control the State of Oceani a. His â€Å"thought police† have to see that friends and enemies are kept under control. Oceania is at constant war with artificially created factions. Alliances are created and discredited; what is important for the Big Brother is the perennial hysteria, and to maintain the situation of confusion and to tell the people that something dangerous is being planned against the Nation by the opposition with vested interests. George Orwell, through Big Brother, gives lots of importance to past history—for the process to undo it and suppress the facts that are inconvenient to the present (Communist) regime. The supreme objective of the party is to retain and maintain power at all times and at all costs. It uses a variety of methods to keep the population under control. â€Å"War is peace† is one

Prevention of Enzymatic Browning in Fruits and Vegetables

Prevention of Enzymatic Browning in Fruits and Vegetables Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) is known to be a key enzyme in enzymatic browning of fruit, vegetables, beverage and seafood in the food industry. The browning of food causes a great quality loss and economic loss of food products. Inhibition of browning by physical treatments has well been developed and there are a wide range of chemicals can also inhibit enzymatic browning. This article overviews the various chemical inhibitors against enzymatic browning in food. Enzymatic browning is one of the major causes in quality loss of vegetables and fruit, beverage and seafood. It is roughly accounted for over 50 percent losses in fruit [1]. It is very important to control enzymatic browning so as to minimize losses and maintain the economic values of the food products. In animal tissues, melanosis is the process results in the formation of dark pigments. The products of melanosis sometimes cause similar visual perception as spoilage and this would make customers not select these products although they are not harmful and do not influence taste of the food. Browning causes many deleterious changes in the organoleptic and nutritional properties of food products that decrease their market values. However, enzymatic browning is beneficial for some of the food products such as tea, coffee, and cocoa. The consumption of fruits and vegetables has been increased due to the nutritional recommendations for health maintain. As a result, the market values of mi nimally processed fruits and vegetables production increases and this will trigger and encourage research in enzymatic browning. Enzymatic browning definition Cell disruption caused by mechanical injury or temperature changes may lead to physiological disorders or even cell death. This loss of cell integrity results in the decompartmentation of phenolic substrates and enzymes [2]. Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) is a critical enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of endogenous phenolic compounds to form grey or brown colors in the enzymatic browning process. PPO is a term which includes a large number of related copper-containing enzymes, including catechol oxidase, tyrosinase and laccase. In the presence of oxygen, PPO oxidizes mono- and di-phenols to o-quinones. Once the products are formed, they polymerize to form high molecular weight compounds or brown pigments as they are highly reactive. The brownish color could be enhanced when they react with amino acids and proteins [2]. Importance of browning inhibition It is essential to control enzymatic browning in order to reduce the economic loss during fruit and vegetables processing. It is essential to control enzymatic browning for the better development in the food industry. The most common way used for the inhibition of browning is the addition of sulfating agents to inhibit PPO. However, sulfite is a toxic molecule and can react with a variety of humoral and cellular components and can cause toxicity [3]. Due to the adverse health effects caused by sulfites, alternative compounds are investigated for anti-browning properties. The ideal compound would be the one which is effective, does not cause any quality loss (eg. taste, flavor, nutritional values) and toxicity, as well as low cost. Until now, many approaches are available to inhibit enzymatic browning, which include the use of ascorbic acid, sodium chloride, kojic acid, 4-hexylresorcinol etc. Enzyme inhibitors, reducing agents, acidulant agents, chelating agents and complexing agents are the common chemical treatments of antibrowning [4]. In order to have a better control of enzymatic browning, it is important to understand its mechanism of actions, the property of the enzyme, substrates, products and their interactions. Minimizing the negative sides of enzymatic browning can extend the shelf life and increase the market value of the food products. Physical inhibition Physical treatments are one of the common approaches in the control of enzymatic browning in the food industries. Hot-air drying, freeze-drying, canning and bottling are examples of some preventive methods. Browning is enhanced by wounding of plant tissue as it stimulates phenolic biosynthesis, hence minimizing the mechanical damage of fruit and vegetables reduce the degree of browning. Reducing the temperature can slow down the rate of enzymatic browning as enzymes are generally inactive at low temperature. However, color change still occurs at 0oc, hence it is important to allow the crystallization temperature of water to be reached as rapidly as possible [5]. Color change would be blocked during commercial frozen (-18oC). When the temperature rises again, browning starts and the rate will be greater if the cellular structure of the plant tissues is damaged by freezing, peeling and slicing [5]. Heating or blanching is the simplest method to inhibit browning by denaturing the enzyme PPO. Heating temperature and time are crucial to maintain the quality of the food products as heating will affects the texture, taste, flavor and nutritional value of the food. PPO is completely destroyed at 80oC [6], but sufficient time is required for the interior part of the fruit or vegetables to reach such temperature. Blanching the green beans for 3.5 minutes at 82 oC and above, inactivated catalase, lipoxygenase, and polyphenol oxidase activities completely[6]. Protection of the fruit and vegetables from oxygen can prevent enzymatic browning when the plant organs cannot be branched. A variety of methods are used in food industries, including airtight package, partial vacuum and oxygen-poor atmosphere. Chemical inhibition Chemicais are the most commonly used for the control of enzymatic browning, but their use in processed food products is restricted to compounds that are nontoxic, wholesome and that do not adversely affect the quality[7]. Inhibition of enzymatic browning can be achieved by hindering the enzyme or by binding to its active site which lower the PPO activity. Chelating agents which remove the copper prosthetic group from PPO can inhibit enzymatic browning. Removing the substrates is another way to prevent enzymatic browning. Substances which undergo complexation with the phenolic substrate and enzymatic modification of phenols are possible ways to inhibit enzymatic browning. Besides substrate, inhibition targeted toward the products, o-quinones, can also be an approach to control enzymatic browning. Chemical inhibitors of enzymatic browning in food will be discussed in detail in this essay. Polyphenol oxidase Definition PPOs are first discovered in mushrooms by Schoenbein in 1856. They are copper-containing proteins and belong to the group of oxidoreductases. A copper prosthetic group is required for its activity. In the presence of oxygen, polyphenol oxidase catalyses reaction of monophenols to o-diphenols (monophenol oxidase activity). It also oxidises o-diphenols to o-quinones (dipehnol oxidase activity). The enzyme in plants have both mono-and diphenol oxidase activity and the ratio of monophenol to diphenol oxidase activity is usually 1:10 to 1:40. [8]. PPO is present in a wide variety of plants and the activity varies from one organ to another and varies inside an organ, depending on the types of tissues or cells. The role of PPOs in plants is believed to resist the infection of microorganisms and virus and to extreme climatic conditions. PPOs are also in involved the development of dark pigmentation in animals. The biosynthesis of melanin pigments and other polyphenolic compounds which often provide a protective function [1]. Indeed, there are many studies concerning the prevention of melanin formation on the face by inhibiting tyrosinase activity, so as to develop whitening agents for the cosmetic industry. Nomenclature Nomenclature of PPOs is sometimes confusing due to their similarity in nature. Jaenicke and Decker write Probably there is no common tyrosinase: the enzymes found in animals, plants and fungi are different with respect to their sequences, size, glycosylation and activation [9] PPOs must have a dinuclear copper centre, in which type 3 copper is bound to histidine residue in their active sites, and this structure is highly conserved [10]. PPOs are normally classified into three types for the convenient use of the term: Catechol oxidase Catechol oxidase (1,2-benzenediol: oxygen oxidoreductase, EC1.10.3.1) has both monophenol oxidase and diphenol oxidase activity. It is the most common form of PPOs in plants that when people talked about PPOs in food it normally refers to catechol oxidase. Reports on the molecular weight of plant PPO are very diverse and variable and it is estimated the molecular masses of PPOs ranges from 20 to 180kDa [2]. Most of the studies show PPOs have an optimum activity between pH 4 and 7, but some reports show that pH optima varies with the proportions of isoenzymes as well as phenolic substrates used [2]. The optimum temperature of PPOs ranges from 15 to 40 oC and this also depends on the same factors as pH. Tyrosinase Tyrosinase (EC1.14.18.1, monophenol, L-DOPA: oxygen oxidoreductase) refers to as monophenol monooxygenase and corresponds to the same enzymes as EC1.10.3.1 but which always catalyze the hydroxylation of monophenols. In aminals and fungi, PPOs are refered to tyrosinase as L-tyrosine is the major monophenolic substrate. It is very similar to catechol oxidase and sometimes tyrosinase is referred as PPOs. It catalyze two distinct reactions of melanin synthesis: the hydroxylation of tyrosine and the oxidation of 3,4-dihydroxyphenyphenalanine (L-DOPA) to o-dopaquinone. Tyrosinase has been a great concern in humans in the cosmetic industry as it plays a key role in mammalian melanogenesis, which leads to the formation of dark macromolecular pigments, melanin. Laccases Laccase (p-diphenol oxidase, E.C. 1.10.3.2)(DPO), has the unique ability to oxidase p-diphenols into their corresponding quinones, which allows it to be distinguished from catechol oxidase. The enzyme contains many subunits and there are three types of copper centers in each subunit. They occur mainly in fungi and higher plants while much less frequently in the plant kingdom than PPOs. They are glycoproteins with a carbohydrate content of about 15-41% and they have a molecular weight of about 60 to 80 kDa. Substrate Phenolic compounds are substrates for PPOs. There is a wide variety of phenolic compounds found in plants, but only a small number serves as direct substrates for PPOs. Degree of enzymatic browning varies widely from one plant to another. Not only content of PPOs contributes to the variation, quantitative and qualitative aspects of their phenolic content also affect enzymatic browning in fruit and vegetables. In the studies of enzymatic browning in various fruits such as apples, grapes, and peaches, the effects of phenolic content and polyphenol oxidase on the rate of enzymatic browning have been reported [11-13]. Phenolic compounds contain an aromatic ring with one or more hydroxyl groups, together with other substituents. The differences in species, ripening and environmental conditions of growth and storage influence the phenolic composition of plants. Phenolic compounds are essential in fruit and vegetables as they contribute to flavor, color and taste in fruits. Flavonoids are t he major phenolic compounds occurred in plants. Caffeic acid derivatives and monomeric flavan-3-ols often appear to be the best substrates [2]. In some cases, phenolic compounds which are not direct substrates can also take part actively in enzymatic browning by coupled oxidation reaction. Tyrosine, an amino acid, is a monohydroxy phenol and it is an important substrate for PPOs in animals. Caffeic acid derivatives, such as chlorogenic acid, the major diphenolic compounds in plants, act as substrates for polyphenol oxidases. Chlologenic acid is the main substrates for enzymatic browning in apples. On the other hand, some phenolic compounds may also act as inhibitors for PPOs. Apple polyphenol oxidases can be inhibited by various cinnamic acids acting as substrate analogues [1]. Mechanism of action Monophenol oxidase activity for the hydroxylation reaction is normally slower than the oxidation reaction for the production of quinine, which leads to the initiation of the polymerization reaction. Thus it is the rate determining step in the production of brown pigments from monophenols. One mole of oxygen is required for the reaction as shown in Figure 2. When there are only diphenolic substrates, production of the brown pigments will be faster due to their high catalytic rate in the formation of quinines. The primary products, o-quinones, are reactive and unstable compounds, which can undergo further oxidation to brown melanin pigment (figure 3). O-quinones are strong electrophiles which can suffer nucleophilic attack by water, other polyphenols, amino acids and proteins, leading to Michael-type addition products [14-16]. The final products have more intensive color than the o-quinones. Their color depends on the phenol from which they originate. Chemical inhibitors of PPO Plant Polyphenols Polyphenols are a diverse group of compounds having multiple phenolic functionalities [18]. Plants are a rich source of polyphenols which are almost free of harm effects. There are continued investigations of tyrosinase inhibitors from plant extracts, aiming to search what bioactive chemicals in plants have significant inhibitory effect. Flavonoids are one of the most common and best studied groups of plant polyphenols. Flavonoids can be further divided into six subgroups, which are flavanones, isoflavones, flavonols, flavanols, flavones and anthocyanidins. Some flavonoids such as catechin act as substrates for PPO while some of them, eg. quercetin and kaempferol have inhibitory effect on PPO [19, 20]. Isao Kubo studies the inhibition kinetics of kaempferol extracted from saffron flower and it is found that to be a competitive inhibitor, its inhibitory activity presumably comes from its ability to chelate copper in the enzyme [20]. This copper chelation mechanism may be applicable fo r all of the flavonols as long as their 3-hydroxyl group is free [20]. However, 3-o-glycoside derivatives, eg. kaempferol 3-o-glucoside, quercetin 3-o-glucoside, did not inhibit tyrosinase in high concentration [20]. This shows that the free hydroxyl group at C-3 may play an important role in the inhibition. However, some flavones which lack the 3-hydroxyl group, such as luteolin and luteolin-o-glucoside, still have tyrosinase inhibitory effect [21]. (−)-epicatechin 3-O-gallate(ECG), (−)-gallocatechin 3-O-gallate(GCG), and (−)-epigallocatechin 3-O-gallate(EGCG) in tea, especially green tea, are strong inhibitor of tyrosinase and it is found that GCG may act as a competitive inhibitor for the L-tyrosine binding at the active site of the enzyme [22]. It is believed that the flavon-3-ol skeleton with a galloyl moiety at the 3-position is required to inhibit tyrosinase effectively. When the hydrophobicity of gallates increases, the coumpounds are more resistant to be o xidized by tyrosinase as the tertiary structure of the enzyme is disrupted [23]. Structure-Activity Investigations of stilbenes and related 4-substituted resorcinols, obtained from Artocarpus incisus and other plants suggested that the 4-substituted resorcinol skeleton have potent tyrosinase inhibitory ability [24]. Oxyresveratrol, a stilbene isolated from Morus alba, exhibited 32 times inhibitory effect of kojic acid on tyrosinase and the inhibitors act non-competitively on the enzyme [25]. In the structure analysis of extracts from licorice root, glabridin exerts the strongest inhibitory effect on tyrosinase and the inhibitory effect was more effective against monophenol oxidase activity, the rate-determining step, than diphenol oxidase activity [26]. However, glabridins analog, glabrene, was 100-fold less active than glabridine while glyasperin C, isolated from the same part of the plant, was two times more active than glabridin [26, 27]. 6-hydroxydaidzein (6,7,4-trihydroxyisoflavone), one kind of hydroxyisoflavones isolated from soybean koji fermented with As pergillus oryzae, had 6-fold more than kojic acid acting competitively on the tyrosine binding site of the enzyme [28]. It is found that an isoflavone with hydroxyl groups at both the C6 and C7 positions in the A ring would increase both inhibitory effect and affinity to the enzyme more than 10 times [28]. Chalcones, with two aromatic rings in trans configuration, have strong inhibitory effects on tyrosinase. Licochalcone A isolated from the roots of glycyrrhiza species competitively inhibit tyrosinase and the effect was 5.4 times more active than kojic acid [29]. Kuraridin, isolated from Sophora flavescens, was 34 times of the activity of kojic acid in inhibiting monophenolase activity of mushroom tyrosinase [30]. It is believed that the 2,4-dihydroxyl groups in the aromatic ring of chalcone structure was the important substituted group to exert strong tyrosinase inhibitory activity as some simple 4-alkylresorcinols were found to exhibit the strong inhibitory effect [24, 31]. Chelating agents Chelating agents are chemicals that bind to metal ions and remove them from their sphere of action. EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) is a chemical preservative permitted for food industry use. It is a chelator and it is believed that EDTA inhibits PPO activity by either binding to the active copper site of PPO or reduces the availability of copper for the enzyme [7]. the United States Food and Drug Administration approved the use of Calcium disodium EDTA and disodium EDTA to be used as a food additive [32]. EDTA is usually used with other chemicals such as reducing agents (ascorbic acid) and acidulants (citric acid) to prevent enzymatic browning in food. Polyphosphates are another common chelating agent for anti-browning of fresh-peeled fruits and vegetables, but it has low solubility in cold water [7]. Sporix, containing citric acid, ascorbic acid, sodium acid pyrophosphate and calcium chloride, is a powerful chelator and also an acidulant. Browning prevention in apple juice a nd cut surfaces was obtained by Sporix [33]. However, it is not approved in U.S. for food use. Kojic acid (C6H6O4; 5-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-pyrone), always being use as a standard to compare and study the tyrosinase inhibitory activity of various chemicals in research, is produced by several species of fungi, especially Aspergillus oryzae. Kojic acid possesses both antibacterial and antifungal activities. It is a good chelator and antioxidant that can prevent browning in both plants and seafood. It is commonly found as a food additive and in cosmetic products due to its tyrosinase inhibitory effect. In the phenolic acids tested (caffeic, chlorogenic, cinnamic, coumalic, ferulic, gallic, kojic) for inhibition on PPO, Son et al. reported that kojic acid showed the highest inhibitory activity on apple slice browning [34]. Kojic acid may inhibit the enzyme acting as a reducing agent. If high dose of kojic acid is given to rodents, the level of tyrosine stimulating hormone increases [35]. However, there is inadequate evidence showing that kojic acid would cause cancer in human . Consumption of kojic acid at levels normally found in food does not present a concern for safety [36]. Reducing agent Reducing agents can act as antibrowning agents by reducing the o-quinones back to o-quinones. Ascorbic acid is a good reducing agent and antioxidant which removes oxygen in polyphenol oxidase reactions. As the reaction resulting in the formation of o-quinones is reversible, in the presence of excess reducing agent, o-quinones are reduced to their original o-diphenols. Ascorbic acid is the most widely used antibrowning agent in food due to its reducing property as well as low pH. Since reducing agents act on o-quinones to prevent browning, the effectiveness of ascorbic acids would be decreased if their use is delayed until after the enzymatic reaction has started. In practice, about 0.1-0.3% of ascorbic acid can have protective effect against enzymatic browning. However, one of the drawbacks of ascorbic acid is that it can be oxidized to dehydroascorbic acid irreversibly during the reaction. As a result, it disappears rapidly and browning would occur again upon its depletion (figure 4 ). To overcome its rapid depletion, some derivatives, such as ascorbic acid-2-phosphate (AAP), or ascorbic acid-triphosphate (AATP), are used as substitutes. They are not reducing agents, but when the action of PPO presents they release ascorbic acids. Therefore they will not be oxidized by oxygen rapidly as AAP and AATP can remain stable in the presence of oxygen. Erythorbic acid (EA) has a similar effect and action as Acorbic acid in the inhibiting enzymatic browning. However, it is destroyed at a faster rate than ascorbic acid. Sulphiting agents including sulphur dioxide (SO2) and sulphite are very popular browning inhibitors used in the food industry. It is one of the most effective chemical inhibitors of browning and it is effective even in low concentration. Also, it is inexpensive and hence many food manufacturers use it to inhibit microorganisms growth and enzymes. Sulphur dioxide has three actions to inhibit browning. The first one is its reducing property to reduce o-quinones to its original o-diphenols. The second mechanism involves the formation of colorless products with o-quinones and the last one is that SO2 denatures PPO, resulting in the loss of functionality of the enzyme. Madero and Finne [37] reported that bisulphite could bind to the sulphydryl group at the active site of the enzyme so as to exert competitively inhibit the enzyme. Ferrer et al. [38] proposed that bisulphate inhibited PPO irreversibly by forming sulphoquinones when sulphites react with intermediate quinines, causing complet e inactivation of the enzyme. In addition, it also inhibits non-enzymatic browning that reduces pigmentation of the fruit and vegetables. Sometimes sulphur dioxide treatment is applied before deep-frozen, drying or freeze-drying of fruit and vegetables. In deep-frozen products of apples and apricots, fruit slices are soaked for 3-4 minutes in 0.4-0.5% sulphur dioxide solution. Sulphites are regulatory restricted in food products as it may cause potentially adverse effects on health. There are many reports showing that sulfites are genotoxic in vitro but not in vivo [39]. In the report of the safety evaluation of sulphites as food additives by World Health Organization (WHO), it concluded that when a suitable alternative method of preservation exists, its use should be encouraged, particularly in the applications in the food industry that the use of sulfites is extensive which may lead to its high intake as high level of sulfites in the body may cause life-threatening adverse reactions [39]. Thiol containing (sulfhydryl) compounds are compounds that an oxygen atom in the compound has been replaced by a sulphur atom. Many studies showed these compounds such as cysteine, N-acetyl-L-cysteine and reduced glutathione are able to inhibit enzymatic browning in fruits and vegetables [40]. In this group, cysteine is the most effective anti-browning agent. The proposed mechanism was that it reacted with the quinone intermediates to form stable colorless compounds. The cysteine-quinone adducts are also the competitive inhibitors of PPO. Nicolas et al. showed that cysteine directly inhibits PPO by forming stable complexes with copper [40]. However, use of cysteine is not so encouraged in the food industry because concentration of cysteine used to achieve significant inhibitory effect on PPO would have negative effects on taste. It has also been shown that Maillard reaction products (MRPs) are potential inhibitors enzymatic browning. Amadori rearrangement products, key intermediates in the first states of the Maillard reaction, has chelating, reducing and oxygen-scavenging properties and it might inhibit enzymatic browning [41]. The MRPs derived from glucose with sulfhydryl amino components (cysteine or the tripeptide, glutathione) could be considered as potential natural inhibitors and this was supported by Billuad et al.s study [42]. In a further study conducted by Hesham A. et al., the inhibitory effect of the thiol containing compounds was comparable with 4-hexyl resorcinol and being significantly (p < 0.05) higher than ascorbic acid. The MRPs derived from cysteine/glucose model system were more active than their counterpart derived from cysteine/ribose model system [43]. In a study examining various types of MRPs for their tyrosinese inhibitory effect, monosaccharide-glutathione was more active than glutathione [44]. However, MRPs are unstable and they may negatively affect the sensory quality of the food products as there was unpleasant odor formed from t he apple slices treated with MPRs [44]. Acidulants Most enzymes especially oxidative enzymes activity is very pH-dependent. Extreme pH can denature the enzymes that lead to the loss of the catalytic function. The groups in the active site of the enzymes are ionizable. In the environment of high proton concentration, the structure of the active site may be affected and there may be conformational change that decreases the binding of substrate and catalytic activity. A pH below 3 can effectively inhibit PPO activity [45]. In addition, under extreme pH, substrates may be degraded or change its conformation; as a result, the degraded substrates share the molecular features of the substrates that they may act as enzyme inhibitors [46]. Common acidulants use for PPO inhibition are citric acid, organic acids such as malie, tartaric and malonie acids and inorganic acids such as phosphoric and hydrochloric acids. Citric acid is an acidulants which widely used in the food industry as it is cost effective and highly available. 0.5-2% of it has protective effects against enzymatic browning in fruit and vegetables. The use of 100mmol/L citric acid combined with 10mmol/L glutathione was found to give a great control of browning in litchi fruits and it is recommended this combination can be a good way applied to control litchi fruit quality [47]. Since it is difficult to achieve efficient browning inhibition through pH control solely, citric acid is frequently used in combination with other anti-browning agents, such as ascorbic acid to chelate the copper of the enzyme. However, when the pH is lowered to a level the taste of the food products may be affected and it only can be applied in acidic foods. Complexing agents Complexing agents are able to form complexes with PPO substrates or reaction products, so as to reduce the browning effects. Cyclodextrins and cyclic nonreducing oligosaccharides of six or more D-glucose residues are examples of complexing agents. The hydrophobic central core of cyclodextrins can form inclusion complexes with phenol compounds, leading to the depletion of PPO substrates. Due to the limited space in the core of cyclodextrins, larger guest molecules only partially bind to it and form relatively weak complexes. However, chemical modification of cyclodextrines increases the binding and hence increases the inhibitory effect on PPO. In a study using chlorogenic acid as a substrate to compare ÃŽ ±-, ÃŽ ²- and ÃŽ ³-cyclodextrins in the formation of inclusion complexes, ÃŽ ²-cyclodextrins are more effective in inhibiting browning in apple juice [48]. The internal cavity of ÃŽ ²-Cyclodextrins is non-polar that it induced inclusion complex formation with the phenolic substrates of polyphenol oxidases, preventing them oxidizing to quinones and hence stop the subsequent polymerization to brown pigments. However, complex formation by cyclodextrins is not specific and it may remove the desirable color and flavor compounds of the food product. Cyclodextrins are insoluble in water, so it is better to be used in volatile or insoluble food ingredients in the food industry. The use of cyclodextrins in fruit and vegetable juice are patented, but it have not been approved to use in food by the FDA [49]. Chitosan, a naturally abundant polymer of ÃŽ ²-(1-4)-linked -D-glucosamine, is obtained from the chitin of shellfish. It is widely used in agricultural and horticultural as natural biocontrol and elicitor, water filtration and biomedical. Chitosan is a kind of dietary fibre that have an effect in reducing the absorption of bile salts in the small intestine, hence lowering the blood cholesterol level. It also helps to stop bleeding and has anti-bacterial effects. It is safe and non-toxic, and may even gain health benefits to the body. It has been reported enzymatic browning was inhibited by adding 200 ppm chitosan to Mcintosh apple juice [50]. When 2% of chitosan was treated with shrimp during storage, the incidence of melanosis was reduced [51]. Another study showed that chitosan coating can inhibit enzymatic browning in longan fruits and it can improve shelf life and quality of the fruit [52]. The effect might be due the formation of protective barrier on the surface of the fruit, p reventing the supply of oxygen to PPO. Therefore it is applicable that chitosan can be used in the combination with other agents to control browning and improve quality in fruit and vegetables during post-harvesting and storage. Enzyme inhibitors 4-hexylresorcinol is the one of the most potential PPO inhibitors apply to fresh-cut products. It has obtained the GRAS status for use in the prevention of shrimp melanosis and it proved to be more effective than sulphites in the inhibition of melanosis [7]. Due to its specific mode in the inhibition of enzymatic browning and effectiveness at low concentration, it may be a potential substitute to sulphites. The combination of it with ascorbic acid improved browning control in apple slices [53]. In a study investigating the combination effect of cysteine, kojic acid and 4-hexylresorcinol on the inhibition of enzymatic browning in Amasya apple juice, the interaction of kojic acid and 4-hexylresorcinol was found to have a positive effect on the inhibition of enzymatic browning [54]. Everfresh, a patented product containing 4-hexylresorcinol as the active ingredients and sodium chloride, showed better stability to blackspot formation than sulphites and it is proposed to be use for the in hibition of enzymatic browning in fruit and vegetables [55]. Sodium chloride, or saline water, is widely used in daily life as an anti-browning agent in freshly cut apple. It can also slow the microbial growth in the food products. Its effects on PPO increase when concentration increases. In an experiment examining the effects of salinity on PPO and peroxidase activity, increasing levels of salinity  reduced both oxidases activities immediately after cutting and throughout 7  days of storage [56]. Samples cultivated under high  salinity had also the lowest change in colour and showed the lowest reduction in total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity after 3  days of storage [56]. However, due to its inadequate protective effect at low concentration and unwanted salty flavor at high concentration, its application in the food industry is limited. When it is used with ascorbic acid and acidulants such as citric acid, the inhibitory effect is enhanced and prolonged. However, as the pH is getting higher, the inhibitory effect would dec rease. Its inhibition to PPO might be achieved by interacting with the copper at the active site of the enzyme. Sodium chloride at a concentration of 2-4% is usually used to inhibit browning in the food industry. At 1-2% concentration soaking for less than 1 minute, it can afford temporary protection from surface browning of sliced peeled apples for freezing, or ready-to-use fresh food. Other chemical inhibitors Sodium chlorite is an effective sanitizer inhibiting microbial growth. It can generate chlorine dioxide in acidic environment. Chlorine dioxide is a very powerful oxidizing agent and found to have inhibition in browning reaction. The anti-browning effect of sodium chlorite was gr